Sokemen

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Sokemen

 

a category of freemen (peasants with personal independence) in medieval England that formed during the Anglo-Saxon period. Sokemen were distinguished by their special obligations toward the lords. After the Norman Conquest (11th century), they subdivided into two categories, those classified as free tenants under common law (in contrast to the enserfed villeins) and the sokemen of “ancient title,” an intermediate stratum of landholders between the villeins and the free sokemen. In the 15th and 16th centuries, sokemen gradually merged with the broader category of free tenants called freeholders.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
References in periodicals archive ?
Despite the fact that bullying has also been examined in studies conducted in Turkish cultures - in Turkey and North Cyprus - (Atik, 2006; Bayraktar, 2011; Celik & Bayraktar, 2004; Dolek, 2002; Ozturk, Sokemen, Yilmaz, & Cilingir, 2008; Palaz, 2012; Piskin, 2006; Tasgin, 2007; Turan et al., 2011), the intensity and frequency of bullying traits differs from one context to another, even from one school to another.
Developing a bullying scale for use with university students
[4.] Vardar-nluG, CandanF., Sokemen DaferraD, Pollissiou M, Sokemen M, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of then essential Oil and methanol extract of Thymus pectinatus
Antimicrobial efficacy of bark extracts of "Randia uliginosa" on oral pathogens: research study
But in the medieval world, there were degrees of freedom, predicated on degrees of land ownership, and your social identity reflected that, ranging from serfs to villeins to sokemen to freemen to thegns.
Breach of faith: towards a political genealogy of trust
A few of the peasants (freemen and sokemen) had a freer way of life than the majority of bordars and villans (or villeins), slaves (or serfs) also worked the demesne land, there was some work for wages and land was sometimes leased, but despite this, input trading was very restricted.
Freeman and sokemen are recorded on about 10 per cent of estates, bordars on over 90 per cent, and villans and slaves on about 60 per cent of estates.
DOMESDAY ECONOMY: ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH ECONOMY EARLY IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM
Encyclopedia browser ?
Full browser ?