Mameluke

Baybar's assaults on Lesser Armenia and the threat of a concerted and simultaneous Mamluk and Golden Horde attack on the Ilkhanate meant that the Mongols felt a need to hem in the Mamluks and if possible bring Northern Syria into their sphere of influence.

Ali Mamluk, deputy head of intelligence of the air force, replaces Hesham Ikhtiar, who was elevated to a top level post as head of a newly set up national security bureau within the Baath party, they said.

This paper examines the policies of the Mamluk Empire toward the Kingdom of Cyprus during the years 1426-1517 and explains the relations possible between a Muslim Empire and a post-Crusader Christian Kingdom.

On the evidence of sixteenth-century inventories (those of 1557 and 1571) this Mamluk carpet entered the collection of the Medici grand dukes between those two dates and is perfectly preserved due to the fact that it was reserved for state occasions.

Chapters are devoted to ghostly and other pilgrims, the significance of Jerusalem, the beginnings of the pilgrimage in the time of kings David and Solomon, pilgrimages under Roman and Byzantine rule, Christian and Muslim pilgrimages in the early Islamic period, pilgrimages in the First Crusade and its aftermath, more crusands and pilgrims during the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties, pilgrimages under Ottoman rule, pilgrimages under the British and Isralies, and the unity among pilgrims and the symbolism of the jouney.

It is written in gold and was made for the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnagir.

For Raymond, Cairo, (for Qahirah, the city of the tenth century Fatimids), evokes the Citadel, the lbn Tulun mosque, or the hospital of Mamluk Sultan Qalawun.

Petry, a historian of the Mamluk period (1260-1517).

This text is a collection of articles emanating from "a small conference" held in 1994 to redress the dearth in and mediocrity of Mamluk studies.

IN THE COURSE OF HER LIFE and political career, the Egyptian sultana, Shajarat al-Duff played many roles and held great influence at the Ayyubid and Mamluk courts.

Between 1260 and 1277, the second half of the seventh century Hegira (the thirteenth century by the Christian calendar), the Bahri Mamluk empire, founded in 1256, was governed by the sultan Baybars, the fourth sovereign of his dynasty.

In the mid fourteenth century, the Mamluk dynasty which ruled Egypt perpetuated a tradition of erecting mosques inside the city of Cairo.