lodicule

Root, node, internode, flag leaf, glume, lemma, palea, lodicule, stamen, pistil, and rachis tissues of the common wheat landrace "Wangshuibai," grown in a field during the normal growing season, were collected at the heading stage, and developing kernels were collected at the 9th day postanthesis for RNA extraction.

Two questions that arise when lodicules are considered are 1) the homology of lodicules and 2) the distribution and pattern of diversification of lodicule types.

Microhairs are found in leaf blades (Tateoka et al., 1959; Metcalfe, 1960; Somaru et al., 2002; Tivano, 2011), leaf sheaths (Somaru et al., 2002; Tivano, 2011), lemmas, paleas and lodicules (Tateoka & Takaji, 1967; Tateoka, 1976; Scholz, 1979; Terrel & Wergin, 1981; Liu et al., 2010; Tivano, 2011), culms (Arriaga, 1992; Tivano, 2011), inflorescence peduncles and inflorescence rachises (Tivano, 2011).

The kernels have colorless aleurones, long rachillas with long rachilla hairs, clasping lodicules, and incomplete horseshoe basal markings.

In Poaceae, floral monosymmetry by reduction is common; the petals ("lodicules") are reduced to two in most groups, some of the stamens may be reduced, and the gynoecium is unilocular and uniovulate (Dahlgren et al., 1985; Cocucci & Anton, 1988; Rudall & Bateman, 2004).

The kernels of Manny are short in length and medium in width with clasping lodicules and incomplete horseshoe-shaped basal markings.

In the axils of the lemmas, floral meristems form and produce, successively, an adaxial structure (palea), lodicules, stamens and a gynoecium.

One explanation for greater anther extrusion under cool-moist conditions is the variability in lodicules size.

spikelet, the lodicules, the structure of cariopsis, embryo, and

In turn, each floret consists of a pair of glumes, a lemma, a palea, a pair of lodicules, three stamens, and a pistil.

Four patterns of association were detected among the eight glume and grain qualitative traits: (i) aleurone (Gr-1) and grain colors (Gr-2); (ii) spiculations of inner lateral nerves (Gr-5) and length of lodicules (Gr-6); (iii) glume hairiness (Gl-1) and rachilla hair type (Gr-4) were plotted in pairs in close proximity; and (iv) lemma color (Gl-2) and lemma base type (Gr-3).