gammadion

Among them, several chiral structures have been available to tailor the cross coupling between electric and magnetic fields such as the commonly utilized U-shaped structures [1, 15, 21, 29], conjugated metallic pairs and conjugated gammadion resonators combining cut-wire pairs [27, 28], twisted rosettes [2, 3, 5], cross-wire structure (gammadion) and its complementary variations [9, 11, 20, 31], twisted foil structure [7, 26], L-shaped chiral structure [8], fish-scale pattern [10, 11], twisted split ring resonators (SRRs), twist Hilbert patterns, and twisted complementary SRRs with symmetric or asymmetric geometry [12-14, 23, 24, 30, 33], Metallic helix array [16, 18], stacked nanorod arrays [19], twist arc structure [22], and I-shaped structure [25].

Soukoulis, "Conjugated gammadion chiral metamaterial with uniaxial optical activity and negative refractive index," Phys.

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It is expected that 3D or 2D CMMs, like multilayered helical or double-layer gammadion structures, are likely to exhibit CD effect and/or large optical activity.

The unit cell of this structure constructed by two copper double arms conjugated gammadion patterned on the opposite sides of an FR-4 board with dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.02.

Based on this concept, several semi-planar CMM structures have been proposed and demonstrated to achieve strong optical activity, circular dichroism, and negative refractive index, such as twisted rosettes [27], twisted crosses [28], twisted U-shaped Split Ring Resonators (U-SRRs) [29], double layer CMM structure [30], conjugated gammadion [31], complementary CMM structure [32], and L-shaped resonators CMM structure [33].

In addition, other chiral structures have been reported, such as cross chiral structure [18,22], rose pirouette structure [23-25], conjugated gammadions structure [26], and so on.